Thin, high capacity absorbent structure and method for producing same

ABSTRACT

A thin, flexible, high capacity absorbent pad and a method of making such absorbent pads. The absorbent pad contains high levels of superabsorbent material homogeneously mixed with cellulose pulp fluff. The absorbent pad is subjected to high density compaction to achieve the thinness and high absorbent capacity of the invention. The absorbent pad can be used in absorbent articles, such as diapers, training pants, feminine hygiene products, incontinence products, and swim wear.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/257,016, filed 20 Dec. 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to a thin, flexible, high capacity absorbentpad. The absorbent pad can be produced with an online drum former.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many known absorbent composites that include a high-absorbency materialinclude the high-absorbency material in relatively low concentrations.That is, many of the absorbent composites include airlaid cellulosicfibers and less than about 30 weight percent of a high-absorbencymaterial. This is due to several factors.

Many high-absorbency materials are unable to absorb a liquid at a rateat which the liquid is applied to the absorbent composites during use.Accordingly, a relatively high concentration of fibrous material isdesirable to temporarily hold the liquid until the high-absorbencymaterial can absorb it. Further, the fibers serve to separate theparticles of high-absorbency material so that gel-blocking does notoccur. Gel-blocking refers to the situation wherein particles ofhigh-absorbency material deform during swelling and block theinterstitial spaces between the particles, or between the particles andthe fibers, thus preventing the flow of liquid through the interstitialspaces.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,343 issued Sep. 15, 1992, to Kellenberger describesan absorbent composite adapted to avoid the problem of gel-blocking.U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,343 describes the use of a superabsorbent materialwhich can absorb at least 27 milliliters of a 0.9 weight percent aqueoussodium chloride solution per gram of superabsorbent material while thesuperabsorbent is under a restraining pressure of at least 21,000 dynesper square centimeter. When the superabsorbent material is in the formof discrete particles, at least about 50 percent by weight of thesuperabsorbent material has a size greater than the median pore size ofthe porous fiber matrix when wet. The described absorbent composites aresaid to contain up to about 90 weight percent of a superabsorbentmaterial.

The presence of a relatively low concentration of high-absorbencymaterial and a relatively greater concentration of fibrous materials hasresulted in the production of absorbent composites which tend to berelatively thick. In some instances, the use of a relatively thickabsorbent composite in a disposable absorbent garment is acceptable.However, in recent years it has become increasingly desirable to produceabsorbent composites which are thin compared to the more traditionalabsorbent composites but which still possess the same absorbentcapacity. Thin absorbents provide for a greater garment-like appearanceas well as improved discretion when worn under other garments. Thedesire to produce relatively thin absorbent composites has resulted inthe desire to incorporate ever-increasing amounts of high-absorbencymaterial into the absorbent composites. This is because the absorbentcapacity of such high-absorbency materials is generally many timesgreater than the absorbent capacity of fibrous materials. For example, afibrous matrix of wood pulp fluff can absorb about 7-9 grams of aliquid, (such as 0.9 weight percent saline) per gram of wood pulp fluff,while the high-absorbency materials can absorb at least about 15,preferably at least about 20, and often at least about 25 grams ofliquid, such as 0.9 weight percent saline, per gram of thehigh-absorbency material.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,542 issued Feb. 11, 1997, to Melius et al. describesan absorbent composite including a superabsorbent material contained bya containment means. The superabsorbent material has a PressureAbsorbency Index of at least 100 and a 16-hour extractables level ofless than about 13 weight percent; a Pressure Absorbency Index of atleast 100 and a Vortex Time of less than about 45 seconds; or a PressureAbsorbency Index of at least about 110. The superabsorbent material ispresent in the containment means in an amount of from about 30 to about100 weight percent based on the total weight of the containment meansand the superabsorbent material.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,335 issued Sep. 22, 1992, to Kellenberger et al. isdirected to an absorbent structure containing a relatively highconcentration of superabsorbent material. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No.5,149,335 describes the use of a superabsorbent material having certainabsorbent characteristics when it is desired to employ thesuperabsorbent material at relatively high concentrations. Specifically,the superabsorbent material is described as having a 5-minute AbsorbencyUnder Load value of at least about 15 grams per gram and a free-swellrate of less than about 60 seconds.

In striving for thin absorbent composites, other desirable qualities areoften sacrificed, such as capacity and flexibility. Quite often, whenabsorbent pads are densified to create high capacity in a thin form,hard spots develop within the pads, thereby resulting in stiffness andlack of uniformity of the absorbent material within the pads. On theother hand, when thin pads are made having a lower density, theresulting pads may be flexible, but thin, low density pads have a lowabsorbent capacity. Low density, high capacity pads that are flexibleare generally thick and bulky and look and feel cumbersome on thewearer.

Various technologies are known for making absorbent pads. High capacityabsorbent pads are typically produced on a conventional absorbent drumformer by combining superabsorbent polymer and fluff pulp in a formingchamber. High superabsorbent polymer concentrations and uniform mixingof the absorbent components can lead to superabsorbent polymercontainment issues during forming and in the finished product.Superabsorbent polymer loss during pad forming can cause high absorbentvariability, inconsistent performance, raw material waste and processupset by loading the recycle system with superabsorbent polymer.

There is thus a need or desire for absorbent pads that are thin,flexible, and have a high absorbent capacity.

There is a further need or desire for a process for making well-mixed,uniform absorbent pads.

There is yet a further need or desire for a process for making absorbentpads in which superabsorbent polymer loss can be minimized.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a thin, flexible, high capacityabsorbent pad and a method of making such an absorbent pad. Theabsorbent pad contains high levels of superabsorbent polymer (SAP),homogeneously mixed with cellulose fluff pulp. Alternatively, the SAPcan be arranged in a gradient throughout the absorbent pad. Theabsorbent pad is subjected to high density compaction to achieve thethin, high capacity absorbent pad of the invention. The absorbent pad isincorporated directly into an absorbent product. The absorbent pad has athickness between about 0.5 and 3.0 millimeters, and an absorbentcapacity, measured using the Saturated Capacity Test at a 0.5 pounds persquare inch (psi) load procedure described herein, between about 80 and800 grams 0.9 w/v % saline solution, available from Ricca ChemicalCompany of Arlington, Tex. The densified pad exhibits good edgecompression properties for user comfort and acceptance. Absorbentperformance of the thin, high capacity absorbent pad is comparable toconventional, not-so-thin, low density absorbent pads. Other componentscan also be added to the absorbent pad, such as man-made fibers, carrierparticles, and a variety of chemical additives or treatments.

The thin, high capacity absorbent pad of the invention can be producedon a conventional online absorbent drum former by homogeneously mixinghigh levels of SAP and fluff pulp in a forming chamber. SAP loss can beminimized by the use of a woven polyester fabric, suitably with about300 micron pores, wrapped about the forming drum to cover the formingscreens. Alternatively, micro-perforated forming screens with openingsof approximately 300 microns or smaller may also be used. The openingsin the fabric or screens should be small enough to trap most of the SAPparticles while leaving enough open area to maintain high enoughpermeability for pad formation. By using an online drum former, asopposed to an offline former, extra mass and capacity of the absorbentmaterial can be placed in zones where the material is most useful. Forexample, the pad can be formed to a specific shape, such as hourglass orthe like, or extra mass can be positioned in a specific area by creatinga deeper pocket in the forming screen. A special SAP dispersion nozzlecan be placed in a top front position of the forming chamber to achievehomogeneously mixed SAP and fluff pulp. The pad may be placed on acarrier or wrap tissue or similar material. When the absorbent pad isformed, it leaves the forming chamber at a low density and must then bedensified. The densification can be accomplished with a conventionalcompaction roll or with a heated nip. Humidification of the compositemay improve densification and help provide lower edge compression orstiffness values. Use of an embossing pattern may also reduce stiffness.

With the foregoing in mind, it is a feature and advantage of theinvention to provide a thin, flexible, high capacity absorbent pad. Itis another feature and advantage of the invention to provide a method ofmaking a well-mixed, uniform absorbent pad in which superabsorbentpolymer loss can be minimized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an absorbent pad;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a child's training pant in a partiallydisassembled, stretched flat state, showing the surface of the articlethat faces the wearer when the article is worn, and with portions cutaway to show the underlying features including an absorbent pad;

FIG. 3 is a plan view of apparatus used to make an absorbent pad;

FIG. 4 is a plan view of a mixing nozzle used to homogeneously mixsuperabsorbent material and pulp fluff;

FIG. 5 is a chart showing the absorption time of various absorbent pads;

FIG. 6 is a chart showing the intake time of 5 of 8 various absorbentpads tested;

FIG. 7 is a chart showing the intake time of 3 of 8 various absorbentpads tested;

FIG. 8 is a top view of an absorbent pad having a contoured shape;

FIG. 9 is an illustration of equipment for determining the liquidsaturated retention capacity of an absorbent structure;

FIG. 10 is an illustration of equipment for determining the AbsorbencyUnder Load (AUL) of superabsorbent material; and

FIGS. 11 and 12 are illustrations of equipment for determining theSuperabsorbent Gel Bed Permeability (GBP).

DEFINITIONS

Within the context of this specification, each term or phrase below willinclude the following meaning or meanings.

“Drum former” is equipment used to produce absorbent pads including arotating drum supporting a foraminous membrane through which air ispulled from a vacuum source. Raw materials such as pulp fiber, SAP andother components are directed onto the foraminous surface through theair flow.

“Gradient” refers to a graded change in the magnitude of a physicalquantity, such as the quantity of superabsorbent present in variouslocations of an absorbent pad, or other pad characteristics such asmass, density, or the like.

“High gel strength” refers to a material having a gel strength valuegreater than 0.65, suitably greater than 0.75, or suitably greater than0.85, wherein gel strength is determined by dividing 0.9 AUL capacity bycentrifuge retention capacity (CRC).

“Homogeneously mixed” refers to the uniform mixing of two or moresubstances within a composition, such that the magnitude of a physicalquantity of each of the substances remains substantially consistentthroughout the composition.

“Layer” when used in the singular can have the dual meaning of a singleelement or a plurality of elements.

“Longitudinal” and “transverse” have their customary meaning, asindicated by the longitudinal and transverse axes depicted in FIG. 2.The longitudinal axis lies in the plane of the article and is generallyparallel to a vertical plane that bisects a standing wearer into leftand right body halves when the article is worn. The transverse axis liesin the plane of the article generally perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis. The article as illustrated is longer in the longitudinal directionthan in the transverse direction.

“Meltblown fibers” means fibers formed by extruding a moltenthermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular,die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging highvelocity heated gas (e.g., air) streams which attenuate the filaments ofmolten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be tomicrofiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by thehigh velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface toform a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers. Such a process isdisclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,241 to Butin et al.Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous ordiscontinuous, are generally smaller than about 0.6 denier, and aregenerally self-bonding when deposited onto a collecting surface.Meltblown fibers used in the present invention are preferablysubstantially continuous in length.

“Online” refers to an integrated, continuous process that is an integralpart of the consumer absorbent product production process, typicallystarting from raw materials and ending with the absorbent product,typically in a packaged form.

“Polymers” include, but are not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers,such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers,terpolymers, etc. and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore,unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer” shall includeall possible geometrical configurations of the material. Theseconfigurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotacticand atactic symmetries.

“Superabsorbent” or “superabsorbent material” refers to awater-swellable, water-insoluble organic or inorganic material capable,under the most favorable conditions, of absorbing at least about 15times its weight and, more desirably, at least about 30 times its weightin an aqueous solution containing 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride.The superabsorbent materials can be natural, synthetic and modifiednatural polymers and materials. In addition, the superabsorbentmaterials can be inorganic materials, such as silica gels, or organiccompounds such as cross-linked polymers.

“Surface” includes any layer, film, woven, nonwoven, laminate,composite, or the like, whether pervious or impervious to air, gas,and/or liquids.

These terms may be defined with additional language in the remainingportions of the specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to a thin, flexible, high capacityabsorbent pad. The absorbent pad can be produced with an online drumformer that can be integrated with the absorbent product producingprocess. The absorbent pad of the present invention can suitably beincorporated into absorbent articles. The term “absorbent article”includes without limitation diapers, training pants, swim wear,absorbent underpants, baby wipes, incontinence products, femininehygiene products and medical absorbent products (for example, absorbentmedical garments, underpads, bandages, drapes, and medical wipes). Asused herein, the term “incontinence products” includes absorbentunderwear for children, absorbent garments for children or young adultswith special needs such as autistic children or others withbladder/bowel control problems as a result of physical disabilities, aswell as absorbent garments for incontinent older adults.

Referring to FIG. 1, an absorbent pad 20 of the present invention isillustrated. The absorbent pad 20 includes a top surface 22 which isconfigured to face and/or contact a wearer, and a bottom surface 24opposite the top surface 22 which is configured to face away from awearer. The size and shape of the absorbent pad 20 can be configured tofit within virtually any absorbent article. Examples of suitable shapesinclude oval, rectangular, and hourglass-shaped.

The absorbent pad 20 is generally compressible, conformable,non-irritating to a wearer's skin, and capable of absorbing andretaining liquids and certain body wastes. The absorbent pad 20 containshigh levels of superabsorbent polymer (SAP), homogeneously mixed withcellulose fluff pulp. In one embodiment, the mixture of SAP andcellulose fluff pulp is homogeneous throughout the entire absorbent pad20. In another embodiment, the SAP forms a gradient within the absorbentpad 20. For example, more SAP may be present at one end of the absorbentpad 20 than at an opposite end of the absorbent pad 20. Alternatively,more SAP may be present along a top surface of the absorbent pad 20 thanalong a bottom surface of the absorbent pad 20. As yet anotheralternative, more SAP may be present along the bottom surface of theabsorbent pad 20 than along the top surface of the absorbent pad 20. Dueto the gradient, the concentration of SAP can vary throughout theabsorbent pad 20 by about 0.01 to about 0.40 grams per cubic centimeter,or by about 0.05 to about 0.35 grams per cubic centimeter, or by about0.15 to about 0.25 grams per cubic centimeter.

Superabsorbent levels can range between 30 and 85 wt %, suitably between40 and 80 wt %, more suitably between 50 and 75 wt % based on totalweight of the absorbent pad. Consequently, levels of fluff pulp canrange between 15 and 70 wt %, suitably between 20 and 60 wt %, moresuitably between 25 and 50 wt % based on total weight of the absorbentpad. High levels of SAP and high density compaction of the formed pads20 are required to produce this thin, high capacity invention.

The absorbent pad 20 is compacted to a thickness of between about 0.5and 3.0 millimeters (mm), suitably between about 0.6 and 2.5 mm, moresuitably between about 0.7 and 2.0 mm. As a result, the density of theabsorbent pad 20 is at least 0.28 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).Suitably, the density of the absorbent pad is at least 0.30 g/cc. Moresuitably, the density of the absorbent pad is at least 0.32 g/cc.

The superabsorbent material used in the absorbent pad 20 of the presentinvention must be able to absorb a liquid under an applied load. As usedherein, the Absorbency Under Load (AUL) value of a particularsuperabsorbent material refers to the amount, in grams, of an aqueoussolution of sodium chloride (0.9 weight percent sodium chloride) which 1gram of superabsorbent material can absorb in 60 minutes while under agiven restraining load.

The absorbent pad 20 of the invention suitably has an absorbentsaturation capacity between about 14 and 40 grams 0.9 w/v % salinesolution per gram of absorbent pad, alternatively at least 16grams/gram, or as another alternative at least 18 grams/gram. The methodby which the absorbent saturation capacity is determined is set forth indetail below. Furthermore, the absorbent pad 20 of the inventionsuitably contains a high gel strength superabsorbent.

The cellulose fluff pulp suitably includes wood pulp fluff. The woodpulp fluff can be exchanged with synthetic, polymeric, meltblown fibersor with a combination of meltblown fibers and natural fibers. Syntheticfibers are not required in the absorbent pad 20 of the invention, butmay be included in minimal amounts. One preferred type of fluff isidentified with the trade designation CR1654, available from U.S.Alliance, Childersburg, Ala., U.S.A., and is a bleached, highlyabsorbent sulfate wood pulp containing primarily soft wood fibers. Aspecial densification pulp, identified with the trade designationND-416, available from Weyerhaeuser of Federal Way, Wash., U.S.A., mayoffer some edge compression benefits. As mentioned, the cellulose fluffpulp is homogeneously mixed with the SAP. The homogeneously mixed fluffand superabsorbent particles can be selectively placed into desiredzones of higher concentration to better contain and absorb bodyexudates. For example, the mass of the homogeneously mixed fluff andsuperabsorbent particles can be controllably positioned such that morebasis weight is present in a front portion of the pad than in a backportion of the pad.

Suitable superabsorbent materials can be selected from natural,synthetic, and modified natural polymers and materials. Thesuperabsorbent materials can be inorganic materials, such as silicagels, or organic compounds, including natural materials such as agar,pectin, guar gum, and the like, as well as synthetic materials, such assynthetic hydrogel polymers. Such hydrogel polymers include, forexample, alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acids; polyacrylamides;polyvinyl alcohol; ethylene maleic anhydride copolymers; polyvinylethers; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyvinyl morpholinone; polymers andcopolymers of vinyl sulfonic acid, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides,polyvinyl pyridine; and the like. Other suitable polymers includehydrolyzed acrylonitrile grafted starch, acrylic acid grafted starch,and isobutylene maleic anhydride copolymers and mixtures thereof. Thehydrogel polymers are preferably lightly crosslinked to render thematerial substantially water-insoluble. Crosslinking may, for example,be by irradiation or by covalent, ionic, Van der Waals, or hydrogenbonding. The superabsorbent materials may be in any form suitable foruse in absorbent structures, including, particles, fibers, flakes,spheres, and the like. In one embodiment of the present invention, thesuperabsorbent material includes particles of a hydrocolloid, preferablyan ionic hydrocolloid.

Typically, a superabsorbent material is capable of absorbing at leastabout 15 times its weight in water, and desirably is capable ofabsorbing more than about 25 times its weight in water. Suitablesuperabsorbent materials are available from various commercial vendors,such as Dow Chemical Company located in Midland, Mich., U.S.A., andStockhausen GmbH & Co. KG, D-47805 Krefeld, Federal Republic of Germany.One particular SAP useful in this invention is FAVOR® SXM 9543,available from Stockhausen GmbH & Co. This SAP provides both goodprocessability and functional performance in the absorbent pad 20 of theinvention. Other suitable types of superabsorbent materials aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,542 issued Feb. 11, 1997, to Melius etal.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/475,829 filed in December 1999and assigned to Kimberly-Clark Corporation; and U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/475,830 filed in December 1999 and assigned toKimberly-Clark Corporation; each of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

Superabsorbent materials suitable for use in the present invention arepolyacrylate materials obtained from Stockhausen under the designationsFAVOR® SXM 77 and FAVORS SXM 880, as well as polyacrylate materialsobtained from Dow Chemical, USA under the designation of DryTech 2035.Gel strength and permeability data for these superabsorbent materialsare listed in Table 1. The gel strength of the superabsorbent is above0.65, suitably above 0.75, more suitably above 0.85.

TABLE 1 Superabsorbent Gel Strength and Permeability Superabsorbent GelStrength Permeability (e⁻⁹cm²) FAVOR ® SXM 9543 0.9 300  FAVOR ® SXM 8800.7 80 FAVOR ® SXM 77 0.6 15 DryTech 2035 0.4 40

The superabsorbent material can be in the form of particles which, inthe unswollen state, have maximum cross-sectional diameters within therange of from about 50 microns to about 1,000 microns, preferably withinthe range of from about 100 microns to about 800 microns, as determinedby sieve analysis according to American Society for Testing Materials(ASTM) Test Method D-1921. It is understood that the particles ofsuperabsorbent material, falling within the ranges described above, mayinclude solid particles, porous particles, or may be agglomeratedparticles including many smaller particles agglomerated into particleswithin the described size ranges.

The absorbent pad 20 may also contain other components, such as man-madefibers or filler particles, such as clays. The absorbent pad 20 may alsocontain any of a variety of chemical additives or treatments, fillers orother additives, such as clay, zeolites and other odor-absorbingmaterial, for example activated carbon carrier particles or activeparticles such as zeolites and activated carbon. The absorbent pad 20may also include binder fibers, such as bicomponent fibers, as up toabout 4% of the weight of the absorbent pad. The absorbent pad 20 may ormay not be wrapped or encompassed by a suitable tissue wrap thatmaintains the integrity and/or shape of the absorbent pad.

The densified pads 20 exhibit good edge compression properties for usercomfort and acceptance. The method by which edge compression can bemeasured is set forth in detail below. Absorbent performance of thethin, high capacity absorbent pads 20 is comparable to conventional, lowdensity absorbent pads.

FIG. 2 shows a child's training pant in a partially disassembled,stretched flat state with the absorbent pad of the inventionincorporated therein, showing a surface of the training pant that facesthe wearer when the garment is worn. An absorbent chassis 14 defines apair of transversely opposed side edges 136 and a pair of longitudinallyopposed waist edges, which are designated front waist edge 138 and backwaist edge 139. When the training pant is in a fastened position (notshown), the absorbent chassis also defines a waist opening along thefront waist edge 138 and the back waist edge 139 and two leg openingsalong the transversely opposed side edges 136. The chassis 14 alsoincludes a somewhat rectangular composite structure 133, a pair oftransversely opposed front side panels 134, and a pair of transverselyopposed back side panels 234. The composite structure 133 and sidepanels 134 and 234 may be integrally formed, or may include two or moreseparate elements, as shown in FIG. 2.

The illustrated composite structure 133 includes an outer cover 44, abody side liner 42 which is connected to the outer cover in a superposedrelation, and the absorbent pad 20 of the invention which is locatedbetween the outer cover 44 and the body side liner 42. The rectangularcomposite structure 133 has opposite linear end edges 145 that formportions of the front and back waist edges 138 and 139, and oppositelinear, or curvilinear, side edges 147 that form portions of the sideedges 136 of the absorbent chassis 14. For reference, arrows 48 and 49depicting the orientation of the longitudinal axis and the transverseaxis, respectively, of the training pant 20 are illustrated in FIG. 2.

The liquid permeable body side liner 42 is illustrated as overlying theouter cover 44 and the absorbent pad 20 (FIG. 2), and may but need nothave the same dimensions as the outer cover 44. The body side liner 42is desirably compliant, soft feeling, and non-irritating to the child'sskin. Further, the body side liner 42 can be less hydrophilic than theabsorbent pad 20, to present a relatively dry surface to the wearer andpermit liquid to readily penetrate through its thickness. The absorbentpad 20 (FIG. 2) is positioned between the outer cover 44 and the bodyside liner 42, which components can be joined together by any suitablemeans, such as adhesives, as is well known in the art.

The absorbent chassis 14 can also incorporate other materials that aredesigned primarily to receive, temporarily store, and/or transportliquid along the mutually facing surface with the absorbent pad 20,thereby maximizing the absorbent capacity of the absorbent assembly. Onesuitable material is referred to as a surge layer (not shown) and canbe, for example, a material having a basis weight of about 50 grams persquare meter, and including a through-air-bonded-carded web of ahomogenous blend of 60 percent 3 denier bicomponent fiber including apolyester core/polyethylene sheath, commercially available from KoSaCorporation, and 40 percent 6 denier polyester fiber, commerciallyavailable from KoSa Corporation, in Salisbury, N.C., U.S.A. Other surgecompositions are possible, and selected materials are described herein.

The outer cover 44 desirably includes a material that is substantiallyliquid impermeable, and can be elastic, stretchable or nonstretchable.The outer cover 44 can be a single layer of liquid impermeable material,but desirably includes a multi-layered laminate structure in which atleast one of the layers is liquid impermeable. For instance, the outercover 44 can include a liquid permeable outer layer and a liquidimpermeable inner layer that are suitably joined together by a laminateadhesive (not shown). Suitable laminate adhesives, which can be appliedcontinuously or intermittently as beads, a spray, parallel swirls, orthe like, can be obtained from Findley Adhesives, Inc., of Wauwatosa,Wisc., U.S.A., or from National Starch and Chemical Company,Bridgewater, N.J., U.S.A. The liquid permeable outer layer can be anysuitable material and desirably one that provides a generally cloth-liketexture. One example of such a material is a 20 gsm (grams per squaremeter) spunbond polypropylene nonwoven web. The outer layer may also bemade of those materials of which liquid permeable bodyside liner 42 ismade. While it is not a necessity for the outer layer to be liquidpermeable, it is desired that it provides a relatively cloth-liketexture to the wearer.

The inner layer of the outer cover 44 can be both liquid and vaporimpermeable, or can be liquid impermeable and vapor permeable. The innerlayer is desirably manufactured from a thin plastic film, although otherflexible liquid impermeable materials may also be used. The inner layer,or the liquid impermeable outer cover 44 when a single layer, preventswaste material from wetting articles, such as bedsheets and clothing, aswell as the wearer and caregiver. A suitable liquid impermeable film foruse as a liquid impermeable inner layer, or a single layer liquidimpermeable outer cover 44, is a 0.02 millimeter polyethylene filmcommercially available from Huntsman Packaging of Newport News, Va.,U.S.A. If the outer cover 44 is a single layer of material, it can beembossed and/or matte finished to provide a more cloth-like appearance.As earlier mentioned, the liquid impermeable material can permit vaporsto escape from the interior of the disposable absorbent article, whilestill preventing liquids from passing through the outer cover 44. Asuitable “breathable” material is composed of a microporous polymer filmor a nonwoven fabric that has been coated or otherwise treated to imparta desired level of liquid impermeability. A suitable microporous film isa PMP-1 film material commercially available from Mitsui ToatsuChemicals, Inc., Tokyo, Japan, or an XKO-8044 polyolefin filmcommercially available from 3M Company, Minneapolis, Minn. Other similarmaterials with varying degrees of liquid permeability are spunbondmeltblown webs, spunbond/meltblown/spunbond hydrophobic, uniformlyformed spunbond, or bi-component webs. A balance of barrier andpermeability can be adjusted with fiber size and basis weight.

The bodyside liner 42 can be manufactured from a wide selection of webmaterials, such as synthetic fibers (for example, polyester orpolypropylene fibers), natural fibers (for example, wood or cottonfibers), a combination of natural and synthetic fibers, porous foams,reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, or the like. Various wovenand nonwoven fabrics can be used for the bodyside liner 42. For example,the bodyside liner can be composed of a meltblown or spunbonded web ofpolyolefin fibers. The bodyside liner can also be, a bonded-carded webcomposed of natural and/or synthetic fibers. The bodyside liner can becomposed of a substantially hydrophobic material, and the hydrophobicmaterial can, optionally, be treated with a surfactant or otherwiseprocessed to impart a desired level of wettability and hydrophilicity.For example, the material can be surface treated with about 0.28 weightpercent of a surfactant commercially available from the Rohm and HaasCo. under the trade designation Triton X-102. Other suitable surfactantsare commercially available from Uniqema Inc., a division of ICI of NewCastle, Del., under the trade designation Ahcovel, and from CognisCorporation of Ambler, Pa., produced in Cincinnati, Ohio, and sold underthe trade designation Glucopon 220. The surfactant can be applied by anyconventional means, such as spraying, printing, brush coating or thelike. The surfactant can be applied to the entire bodyside liner 42 orcan be selectively applied to particular sections of the bodyside liner,such as the medial section along the longitudinal centerline.

A suitable liquid permeable bodyside liner 42 is a nonwoven bicomponentweb having a basis weight of about 27 gsm. The nonwoven bicomponent canbe a spunbond bicomponent web, or a bonded carded bicomponent web.Suitable bicomponent staple fibers include a polyethylene/polypropylenebicomponent fiber available from CHISSO Corporation, Osaka, Japan. Inthis particular bicomponent fiber, the polypropylene forms the core andthe polyethylene forms the sheath of the fiber. Other fiber orientationsare possible, such as multi-lobe, side-by-side, islands in the sea, orthe like. While the outer cover 44 and bodyside liner 42 can includeelastomeric materials, it can be desirable in some embodiments for thecomposite structure to be generally inelastic, where the outer cover,the bodyside liner and the absorbent assembly include materials that aregenerally not elastomeric.

As noted previously, the illustrated training pant 20 can have front andback side panels 134 and 234 disposed on each side of the absorbentchassis 14 (FIG. 2). These transversely opposed front side panels 134and transversely opposed back side panels 234 can be permanently bondedto the composite structure 133 of the absorbent chassis 14 and can bereleasably attached to one another by a fastening system 80. Moreparticularly, as shown best in FIG. 2, the front side panels 134 can bepermanently bonded to and extend transversely beyond the linear sideedges 147 of the composite structure 133 along attachment lines 69, andthe back side panels 234 can be permanently bonded to and extendtransversely beyond the linear side edges of the composite structurealong attachment lines 69. The side panels 134 and 234 may be attachedusing attachment means known to those skilled in the art such asadhesive, thermal or ultrasonic bonding. The side panels 134 and 234 canalso be formed as a portion of a component of the composite structure133, such as the outer cover 44 or the body side liner 42.

Each of the side panels 134 and 234 can include one or more individual,distinct pieces of material. In particular embodiments, for example,each side panel 134 and 234 can include first and second side panelportions that are joined at a seam, with at least one of the portionsincluding an elastomeric material (not shown). Still alternatively, eachindividual side panel 134 and 234 can include a single piece of materialwhich is folded over upon itself along an intermediate fold line (notshown).

The side panels 134 and 234 desirably include an elastic materialcapable of stretching in a direction generally parallel to thetransverse axis 49 of the training pant 20. In particular embodiments,the front and back side panels 134 and 234 may each include an interiorportion 78 disposed between a distal edge 68 and a respective front orback center panel 135 or 235. In the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 2,the interior portions 78 are disposed between the distal edges 68 andthe side edges 147 of the rectangular composite structure 133. Theelastic material of the side panels 134 and 234 can be disposed in theinterior portions 78 to render the side panels elastomeric in adirection generally parallel to the transverse axis 49. Most desirably,each side panel 134 and 234 is elastomeric from a waist end edge 72 to aleg end edge 70. More specifically, individual samples of side panelmaterial, taken between the waist end edge 72 and the leg end edge 70parallel to the transverse axis 49 and having a length from theattachment line 69 to the distal edge 68 and a width of about 2centimeters, are all elastomeric.

Suitable elastic materials, as well as one described process ofincorporating elastic side panels into a training pant, are described inthe following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,940,464 issued Jul. 10, 1990 to VanGompel et al.; 5,224,405 issued Jul. 6, 1993 to Pohjola; 5,104,116issued Apr. 14, 1992 to Pohjola; and 5,046,272 issued Sep. 10, 1991 toVogt et al.; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Inparticular embodiments, the elastic material includes a stretch-thermallaminate (STL), a neck-bonded laminated (NBL), a reversibly neckedlaminate, or a stretch-bonded laminate (SBL) material. Methods of makingsuch materials are well known to those skilled in the art and describedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,220 issued May 5, 1987 to Wisneski et al.; U.S.Pat. No. 5,226,992 issued Jul. 13, 1993 to Morman; and European PatentApplication No. EP 0 217 032 published on Apr. 8, 1987 in the names ofTaylor et al.; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.Alternatively, the side panel material may include other woven ornonwoven materials, such as those described above as being suitable forthe outer cover 44 or body side liner 42, or stretchable but inelasticmaterials.

As described herein, the various components of the training pant 20 canbe integrally assembled together employing various types of suitableattachment means, such as adhesive, sonic and thermal bonds orcombinations thereof. The resulting product is an absorbent garment 20including a thin, flexible, high capacity absorbent pad 20. Thepant-like absorbent garment 20 can be sized and tailored for a widevariety of uses including, for example, diapers, training pants, swimwear, incontinence garments, and the like.

The absorbent pad 20 of the invention can be produced using aconventional online absorbent drum former 26, as shown in FIG. 3. Morespecifically, the SAP and the fluff pulp can be homogeneously mixed in aforming chamber 28 of the drum former 26. As mentioned, man-made fibersor carrier particles can also be mixed with the SAP and the fluff pulp.To minimize SAP loss during forming, a porous fabric 30, such as a wovenpolyester fabric with approximately 300 micron pores, can be wrappedaround a forming drum 32 of the drum former 26 to cover a forming screen34 on the forming drum 32. Alternatively, fine pore, ormicro-perforated, forming screens can be used in place of conventionalforming screens 34. As another alternative, a light layer of fluffpulp-rich composite can be directed to the forming screens 34 prior tohaving the high-SAP composition reach the forming screens 34 within theforming chamber 28. In any case the effective openings of the screensurface are less than 300 microns. The permeability of the formingsurface must be high enough to form a uniform pad and the formingsurface must be durable. This combination of properties dictates a poresize between 75 and 300 microns. The forming screens 34, whetherconventional or fine pore, can be either flat screens or shaped padzoned absorbent screens.

By using an online drum former 26, as opposed to producing the absorbentpads 20 offline, additional mass of the homogeneously mixedsuperabsorbent material and pulp fluff can be directed into at least onearea of the absorbent pad where extra absorbent material would be mostuseful.

A special SAP nozzle 36, shown in FIG. 4, can be placed in a top frontposition on the forming chamber 28. The nozzle 36 includes a flattenedand expanded pipe 50 that forms a slot 52, and a hood 54 projectingpartially over a terminal opening 56 of the nozzle 36. This nozzle 36disperses the SAP and enables homogeneous mixing of the SAP and thefluff pulp, or can be positioned to provide a gradient of compositionwithin the pad.

The formed pad 20 leaves the forming chamber 28 at a low density, tonamely less than 0.1 g/cc, and must be densified. The pads are depositedon a conveyor or carrier tissue 35. This invention requires that thepads undergo compaction to a density of at least 0.28 g/cc, suitably atleast 0.30 g/cc, more suitably at least 0.32 g/cc. The densification canbe accomplished with a conventional compaction roll, or more suitably,with a heated nip 38 as shown in FIG. 3. The heated nip 38 is suitablyheated to about 80 to about 150 degrees Celsius. The pads can beproduced with a basis weight of between about 80 and 1000 gsm, suitablybetween about 100 and 800 gsm, more suitably between about 120 and 750gsm. Once the pads are densified, the pads have a thickness of betweenabout 0.4 and 3.0 mm, suitably between about 0.5 and 2.5 mm, moresuitably between about 0.6 and 2.0 mm.

During the forming process, the mixture of SAP and pulp fluff can behumidified to improve densification of the resulting absorbent pad 20and to possibly provide lower edge compression or stiffness values. Theuse of heat and humidity in the absorbent composite densificationprocess is taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,274 issued Apr.10, 2001, to Melius et al., which is herein incorporated by reference.Furthermore, a pattern can be embossed onto the absorbent pad 20 whichmay also reduce stiffness.

EXAMPLE 1

In this example, eight different sample absorbent pads were producedusing the on-line forming drum of a PULL-UPS® Disposable Training Pantsproduction machine. The pads possessed differing compositions anddensities, and were tested to determine their absorption time and intaketime. The various types of SAP used included a SAP having high gelstrength available under the trade designation FAVOR® SXM 9543,available from Stockhausen GmbH & Co. KG, D-47805 of Krefeld, FederalRepublic of Germany; and a polyacrylate material available fromStockhausen under the trade designation FAVOR® SXM 880. The varioustypes of pulp fluff used included a bleached, highly absorbent sulfatewood pulp available under the trade designation CR1654, available fromU.S. Alliance, Childersburg, Ala., U.S.A.; a bleached southern softwoodpulp available under the trade designation NB-416, available fromWeyerhaeuser Corporation of Federal Way, Wash., U.S.A.; a southernsoftwood pulp that has been cold caustic treated and is available underthe trade designation AL9401, available from Rayonier Incorporated,Stamford, Conn.; and a special densification pulp available under thetrade designation ND-416, available from Weyerhaeuser Corporation. Table2 shows the composition and density of each of the samples tested.

TABLE 2 Sample Compositions and Densities Density Sample Composition(g/cc) Code 1 50% FAVOR ® SXM 9543, 50% CR1654 0.32 Code 2 50% FAVOR ®SXM 9543, 50% NB-416 0.32 Code 3 50% FAVOR ® SXM 9543, 50% AL9401/NB-4160.33 (~1:1 blend) Code 4 40% FAVOR ® SXM 9543, 60% AL9401/NB-416 0.28(~1:1 blend) Code 5 50% FAVOR ® SXM 9543, 50% ND-416 0.34 Code 6 50%FAVOR ® SXM 880, 50% CR1654 0.35 Code 7 44% FAVOR ® SXM 880, 56% CR16540.22 Code 8 50% FAVOR ® SXM 880, 50% CR1654 0.21

The samples were prepared by cutting a 6-inch by 4.5-inch piece of eachsample from the formed pad. The weight and bulk of each of the sampleswas then recorded.

Four different types of surge layers were tested with a sample of eachabsorbent pad. These surge layers were through-air bonded carded websincluding bicomponent fibers and polyester fibers. A first surgematerial contained 60 wt % 2.8 denier T-256 bicomponent fibers producedby KoSa and 40 wt % T-295 6 denier polyester fibers produced by KoSa. Asecond surge material contained 60 wt % of a 2.0 denier T-256 typebicomponent fiber and 40 wt % of a 3.0 denier KoSa polyester fiber. Allsurges were 62 mm wide. The four different types of surge layersincluded a 55 grams per square meter (gsm) surge made of the first surgematerial, an 85 gsm surge made of the second surge material, a 100 gsmsurge made of the first surge material and a 100 gsm surge made of thesecond surge material.

A sample of each of Codes 1-8 was combined with a 5-inch length of eachof the four surge layers, each surge layer tested separately, a 10-inchlength of liner material, and a 10-inch length of poly film. The linermaterial used was 0.6 osy spunbond treated with 0.3% Ahcovel, producedby Kimberly-Clark Corporation. The poly film used was 0.75 milpolyethylene film, available from Edison Plastics. An entire surface ofeach piece of poly film was lightly sprayed with a hot melt adhesive,namely Ato Findley 2525A, available from Ato Findley, and the sample ofabsorbent material was placed in the center of the poly film on thesprayed surface. The surge layer was then attached to the center of theabsorbent with another light spray of the adhesive. The liner was thenplaced on top of the surge layer, thereby forming a seal with the polyfilm around the absorbent.

The insult point was then marked in the center of each sample,approximately 3 inches from each end. The dry weight of each sample wasthen measured and recorded.

To test the absorption time of each sample, each sample was testedwithout a surge layer, and also with a 55 gsm surge layer. The testsample was placed between parallel, rigid plexiglass plates. The topplate had a centrally located cylindrical opening, one inch in diameter,that was placed above the insult point and was used to direct liquidinto the product. The bottom plate had a 4.5-inch by 4.5-inch centrallylocated raised platform. The top plate exerted a 385 gram load on the20.25 square inches of the absorbent positioned on the platform of thebottom plate. Approximately 35 ml of 0.9 w/v % saline solution waspoured onto the insult point of each sample being tested and wasconsidered to be absorbed when all of the liquid was visually determinedto have penetrated the surface of the absorbent, at which time theintake time was recorded. Again, a 35 ml insult was poured onto theinsult point of each sample and the absorption time of the second insultwas then recorded. Finally, a third 35 ml insult was poured onto theinsult point of each sample and the absorption time of the third insultwas then recorded. Time between insults was 15 to minutes. The resultsof this test for Codes 1-8 are shown in the chart in FIG. 5. The resultsin FIG. 5 indicate that at equivalent composition and density, FAVOR®SXM 9543 is shown to have overall performance superior to that of FAVOR®SXM 880 over the course of three insults, whether or not a surge layeris present. In addition, all high density codes, with the exclusion ofCode 6, are equivalent or superior in performance to the controllow-density codes, 7 and 8.

To test the intake time of each sample, each sample was tested with eachof the four types of surge layers, using the procedure describedimmediately following, in which three 35 mL insults are applied to eachsample. The results of this test for Codes 1-5 are shown in the chart inFIG. 6 and the results of this test for Codes 6-8 are shown in the chartin FIG. 7. As can be seen in FIGS. 6 and 7, the lowest consistent intaketime was observed in the samples made using the 100 gsm second surgelayer, described above, with the intake time of each of the samplesbeing fairly consistent with one another. Comparing the samples usingthe other three surge layers, the sample having the highest percentageof SAP, namely Code 4, outperformed the other samples.

EXAMPLE 2

In this example, absorbent pads were produced using the online formingdrum of a PULL-UPS® Disposable Training Pants production machine. Themachine was configured so that absorbent pads could be extracted fromthe process line just before combining with other components in theproduct assembly process. This permitted evaluation of the online formedpads without having to disassemble finished product. This trial usedrectangular shaped, uniform depth, forming screens with micro-perforatedscreen openings produced by FT&D located in Helen, Ga. The microperfscreens were able to prevent SAP from passing into the interior of theforming drum, similar to a fine mesh fabric wrap. This producedconsistent absorbent weights, even at SAP levels exceeding 65%. Airflowuniformity and volume were maintained in the normal operating range andresulted in good pad formation.

Adding small amounts of moisture to the absorbent was desired as a meansof reducing the pressure required to achieve densities greater than 0.3g/cc. Rather than spraying moisture onto the absorbent, drawinghumidified air through the pad was selected to provide a more uniformdistribution of the moisture through the thickness of the absorbent. Aheating element and blower motor were used to pipe hot air to a hoodinstalled over the vacuum conveyor between the forming drum and thepre-debulker. Filtered tap water was merged with compressed air (20 psi)and introduced into the warm air stream as a fine mist via an atomizingspray nozzle with a 0.028 inch opening. A humidity of approximately 40%RH at an air temperature of 120 degrees Celsius was achieved in the airstream. Once the best moisture conditions were achieved, absorbent padswere produced. Approximately 1% moisture determined by change in weightof pads was added to the pads via this technique. Humidification in thisway permitted opening the compaction roll 5 mils while achieving thesame absorbent pad caliper.

Use of heated compaction rolls also reduces the force required todensify absorbent compositions of this invention. However, the followingexamples, shown in Table 3, were produced without heat or added moistureto demonstrate some characteristics of the invention.

TABLE 3 Comparison of Ultra-Thin Absorbents to a Standard AbsorbentBasis SAP Pulp Sat Weight Weight Weight Cap Bulk Density Descrip- Sample(gsm) SAP Pulp (g) (g) (g) (mm) (g/cc) tion 1 715 in 44% CR1654 13 16.5580 4.8 in 0.15 in Large front; front; front; PULL- 525 in 2.6 in 0.2 inUPS ® back back back 2 670 60% NB416 14.8 9.9 490 1.8 0.37 UTA 3 670 60%NB416 14.8 9.9 480 1.8 0.37 UTA with moisture 4 510 60% NB416 11.3 7.5395 1.4 0.36 Low cap UTA 5 260 30% NB416 2.9 6.7 150 0.7 0.37 Low basisweight, SAP UTA 6 200 50% NB416 3.7 3.7 140 0.6 0.33 Low basis weight,high SAP UTA 7 670 60% ND416 14.8 9.9 475 1.8 0.37 ND416 pulp UTA

As indicated in Table 3, the mass of Sample 1 was controllablypositioned to create a greater basis weight in a front portion than in aback portion of the sample. The various types of pulp used includedCR1654, NB416 and ND416, each of which is described above in Example 1.Saturated capacity (“Sat Cap”) refers to the weight of the sample whensaturated. The ultra-thin absorbents (“UTA”) in Samples 2-7 are comparedto a standard training pant in Sample 1.

All UTA codes were produced with FAVOR® SXM 9543 superabsorbent. Sample1 was produced with Stockhausen FAVOR® SXM 880 superabsorbent and wasproduced with the standard large PULL-UPS® Disposable Training Pantsforming screens (non-microperf). Historically, high quality, low basisweight pads are often difficult to produce with an online drum formingprocess but the low basis weight samples, Samples 5 and 6, wereextremely supple and very uniform along the pad as well as between pads.

Superabsorbent feed rate was increased while producing Sample 2 toachieve a SAP composition of 65%. High-density versions of Samples 6 and7 were produced by increasing the feed of SAP and pulp fibers into theforming drum, resulting in an increase in basis weight of the formedabsorbent pad. The high-density version of Sample 6 was produced at abasis weight of 490 gsm with a thickness of 0.86 mm and had a density of0.57 g/cc. The high-density version of Sample 7 had a basis weight ofabout 795 gsm, a thickness of 1.39 mm and a density of 0.57 g/cc.

Products containing the online ultra thin absorbent pads based on Sample2 were produced for a large-scale consumer use test. Results of this usetest showed no statistical difference in leakage performance betweenproducts with the online ultra thin absorbent compared to commercialPULL-UPS® Disposable Training Pants.

EXAMPLE 3

A commercial machine trial was conducted to produce online ultra thinabsorbent pads and products containing the online ultra thin absorbentpads. Forming screens 34 with a contour shape, as shown in FIG. 8, werewrapped with a polyester mesh fabric. These forming screens also had afront pocket, a deep zone to allow more absorbent to be positioned inthe insult zone of the product. Products were produced with contouredabsorbent pads that had about 60% of the absorbent mass in the fronthalf of the pad. Pads and products were produced at commercial linespeeds, in excess of 600 feet per minute.

EXAMPLE 4

In this example, absorbent pads were again produced using the onlineforming drum of a PULL-UPS® Disposable Training Pants productionmachine. The machine was configured such that absorbent pads could beextracted from the process line just before combining with othercomponents in the product assembly process. This permitted evaluation ofthe online formed pads without having to disassemble finished product.This trial used rectangular shaped, uniform depth, forming screens withmicro-perforated screen openings produced by FT&D. The absorbent padsincluded 60% FAVOR® SXM 9543 superabsorbent and 40% Weyerhauser ND416pulp. The bulk of the absorbents was held constant at approximately1.9-2.0 mm. The pulp and superabsorbent feed rates were varied toproduce a range in basis weight, resulting in a range of densities. Theedgewise compression of these examples was evaluated and compared to thecompression of the standard PULL-UPS® Disposable Training Pant absorbentcomposition (44% Stockhausen FAVOR® SXM 880 superabsorbent, 56% USAlliance CR1654 pulp, ˜0.20 g/cc density). The result, shown in Table 4,was that the examples of the invention exhibited similar compressionperformance as the current absorbent composition over a range ofdensities considerably higher than the current structure. Even lowercompression values can be achieved through low level moisture addition,heated compaction rolls, the use of embossing compaction rolls, or anycombination of these techniques.

TABLE 4 Compression Comparison Energy to 50% Basis Weight DensityCompression Composition (gsm) (g/cc) (gm-cm) 44% SAP, 56% Pulp 846  0.191 2373.1 60% SAP, 40% Pulp 770.5 0.41  2967.3 60% SAP, 40% Pulp757.6 0.397 2740.9 60% SAP, 40% Pulp 756.9 0.373 3614.8 60% SAP, 40%Pulp 795.7 0.374 3068.9 60% SAP, 40% Pulp 742.7 0.373 2726.3

EXAMPLE 5

An online ultra thin absorbent pad was produced at 50/50 ratio of FAVOR®SXM 9543 superabsorbent polymer and CR1654 pulp fiber with 16 grams ofeach material and a theoretical saturated capacity of 608 grams of 0.9%saline. Zoning character of pad basis weight targeted 875 grams persquare meter (gsm) from back of crotch to front of pad and 700 gsm inback half of the pad. Density targets were zoned at 0.27 grams per cubiccentimeter (g/cc) in front and 0.33 g/cc in back. FIG. 8 shows pad shapein planar direction. The pad was 450 mm long and 120 mm wide in thefront, 70 mm wide in the center and 95 mm wide in the back.

This result demonstrates that the method described herein is able toprovide a shaped absorbent structure with zoned absorbent mass (i.e.,located in a selected region of the structure) that is also thin andexhibits all other aspects of the current invention, as an integral partof a consumer product converting operation. This is a desirablecombination, as thin off-line-produced absorbents (i.e., prepared priorto product conversion) are available, but cannot provide zonedabsorbency, while conventional on-line absorbent forming methods canzone absorbency but cannot generally provide optimally thin structures.

Liquid Saturated Retention Capacity Test Procedure

The liquid saturated retention capacity is determined as follows. Thematerial to be tested, having a moisture content of less than about 7weight percent, is weighed and submerged in an excess quantity of a 0.9weight percent aqueous saline solution at room temperature (about 23degrees Celsius). The material to be tested is allowed to remainsubmerged for about 20 minutes. After the 20 minute submerging, thematerial is removed and, referring to FIG. 9, placed on a TEFLON™ coatedfiberglass screen 134 having 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) openings (commerciallyavailable from Taconic Plastics Inc., Petersburg, N.Y.) which, in turn,is placed on a vacuum box 130 and covered with a flexible rubber dammaterial 132. A vacuum of about 0.5 pound per square inch (about 3.5kilopascals) is drawn on the vacuum box for a period of about 5 minuteswith the use of, for example, a vacuum gauge 136 and a vacuum pump 138.The material 131 being tested is then removed from the screen andweighed. The amount of liquid retained by the material being tested isdetermined by subtracting the dry weight of the material from the wetweight of the material (after application of the vacuum), and isreported as the absolute liquid saturated retention capacity in grams ofliquid retained. If desired, the weight of liquid retained may beconverted to liquid volume by using the density of the test liquid, andis reported as the liquid saturated retention capacity in milliliters ofliquid retained. For relative comparisons, this absolute liquidsaturated retention capacity value can be divided by the dry weight ofthe material 131 to give the specific liquid saturated retentioncapacity in grams of liquid retained per gram of tested material. Ifmaterial, such as hydrogel-forming polymeric material or fiber, is drawnthrough the fiberglass screen 134 while on the vacuum box, a screenhaving smaller openings should be used. Alternatively, a piece of teabag or similar material can be placed between the material 131 and thescreen 134 and the final value adjusted for the liquid retained by thetea bag or similar material.

Absorbency Under Load (AUL) Test Procedure

The ability of a superabsorbent material to absorb a liquid while undera load is determined as follows. With reference to FIG. 10, a DemandAbsorbency Tester (DAT) 110 is used, which is similar to the GATS(Gravimetric Absorbency Test System), available from M/K systems,Danners, Mass., as well as the system described by Lichstein at pages129-142 of the INDA Technological Symposium Proceedings, March 1974. Aporous plate 112 is used, having ports 114 confined within a 2.5centimeter diameter area and covered by the Absorbency Under Load (AUL)apparatus 116. An electrobalance 118 is used to measure the flow offluid into the superabsorbent particles 120. For this test, the fluidemployed is an aqueous solution containing 0.9 weight percent sodiumchloride used at room temperature (approximately 23° Celsius).

The special AUL apparatus 116 used to contain the superabsorbentparticles comprises a cylinder 122 made from 1 inch (2.54 centimeters)inside diameter thermoplastic tubing which is machined-out slightly tobe sure of concentricity. A 100 mesh stainless steel wire cloth 124 isadhered on the bottom of cylinder 122 by means of an adhesive.Alternatively, the stainless steel wire cloth 124 can be fused to thebottom of cylinder 122 by heating the wire cloth in a flame until redhot, after which the cylinder is held onto the cloth until cooled. Asoldering iron can be used to touch up the seal if unsuccessful or if itbreaks. Care must be taken to maintain a flat, smooth bottom, and notdistort the inside of the cylinder. A 4.4 gram piston 126 is made from 1inch diameter solid material (e.g. Plexiglass™) and is machined toclosely fit without binding in the cylinder 122. The piston 126 is usedto provide the restraining load of 0.01 pound per square inch. A weight128 is used to provide the greater degrees of restraining load. Asdiscussed above, the greater restraining loads are 0.29 pound per squareinch, 0.57 pound per square inch, and 0.90 pound per square inch.Accordingly, a 100, 200, and 317 gram weight is used to provide therespective restraining loads (in addition to the 4.4 gram piston 126). Asample of superabsorbent particles weighing 0.160 (±0.005) gram isutilized for testing AUL. The sample is taken from granules which arepre-screened through U.S. standard 30 mesh and retained on U.S. standard50 mesh (300-600 microns). The particles, when tested, have a moisturecontent of less than about 5 weight percent.

This test is initiated by placing a 3 centimeter diameter GF/A glassfilter paper 130 onto the plate 112. The paper is sized to be largerthan the internal diameter and smaller than the outside diameter of thecylinder 122 to ensure good contact while eliminating evaporation overthe ports 114 of the DAT 110 and then allowing saturation to occur. Theparticles 120 are weighed on weighing paper and placed on the wire cloth124 at the bottom of the AUL apparatus 116. The apparatus 116 is shakento level the particles 120 on the wire cloth 124. Care is taken to besure no particles are clinging to the wall of the cylinder 122. Aftercarefully placing, without pressing, the piston 126 and, optionally,weight 128 on the particles 120 in the cylinder 122, the AUL apparatus116 is placed on the glass filter paper 130. The amount (in grams) offluid picked up is monitored as a function of time either directly byhand, with a strip-chart recorder, or directly into a data acquisitionor personal computer system.

The amount (in grams) of fluid picked up after 60 minutes, divided bythe dry weight of the sample (0.160 gram) is the AUL value in grams offluid picked up per gram of sample (g/g). The rate of fluid picked upcan also be measured. Two checks can be made to ensure the accuracy ofthe instantaneous final readout. First, the height the piston 126 rises,multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder 122 should equalthe volume of fluid picked up. Second, the AUL apparatus 116 can beweighed before and after the test, and the difference in weight shouldnearly equal the weight of fluid picked up. A minimum of threereplicates are performed on a given material and averaged to assign anAUL value.

Edge Compression Test Procedure

The method by which the Edge-wise Compression (EC) value can bedetermined is set forth below. A 2-inch by 12-inch (5.1 cm by 30.5 cm)piece of absorbent material is cut with its longer dimension alignedwith the longitudinal direction of the product or raw material web. Theweight of the sample is determined. The thickness of the material isdetermined under a 0.2 psi (1.38 KA) load. The material is formed into acylinder having a height of 2 inches (5.1 cm), and with the two endshaving 0-0.125 inch (0-3.18 mm) overlap, the material is stapledtogether with three staples. One staple is near the middle of the widthof the product, the other two nearer each edge of the width of thematerial. The longest dimension of the staple is in the circumference ofthe formed cylinder to minimize the effect of the staples on thetesting.

A tensile tester, such as those commercially available from MTS SystemsCorporation, Eden Prairie, Minn., is configured with a bottom platform,a platen larger than the circumference of the sample to be tested andparallel to the bottom platform, attached to a compression load cellplaced in the inverted position. The specimen is placed on the platform,under the platen. The platen is brought into contact with the specimenand compresses the sample at a rate of 25 mm/min. The maximum forceobtained in compressing the sample to 50% of its width (1 inch) (2.54cm) is recorded.

If the material buckles, it is typical for the maximum force to bereached before the sample is compressed to 50%. In a product where thelength of the absorbent is less than 12 inches (30.5 cm), the EC valueof the material can be determined in the following manner. A detaileddiscussion of the edge-wise compression strength has been given in TheHandbook Of Physical And Mechanical Testing Of Paper And Paperboard,Richard E. Mark editor, Dekker 1983 (Vol. 1). Based on theoreticalmodels governing buckling stresses, in the Edge-wise Compressionconfiguration described, the buckling stress is proportional toE*t²/(H²) with the proportionality constant being a function of H²/(R*t)where E is the Elastic modulus, H is the height of the cylinder, R isthe radius of the cylinder, and t is the thickness of the material.Expressing the stress in terms of force per basis weight, it can beshown that the parameter that needs to be maintained constant is H²/R.Therefore, for a sample that is smaller than 12 inches (30.5 cm), thelargest possible circle should be constructed and its height (width ofthe sample being cut out) adjusted such that H²/R equals 2.1 inches (5.3cm).

Bulk and Density Test Procedures

A region of the absorbent pad to be tested is placed under a 0.2 psiweight, and the bulk of the absorbent in this region is recorded. Thearea under compression should be larger than a 2-inch by 2-inch (5.08 cmby 5.08 cm) square. A suitable tester for absorbent bulk is aStarret-type bulk tester equipped with a 3-inch diameter brass foot thatapplies a weight of 0.2 psi. The area under compression is marked aroundthe perimeter of the weight while the weight is in place. The weight isremoved, and a 2-inch by 2-inch square is cut out from within theoutlined region, such as by a die cut. Any tissue present on theabsorbent pad is removed, and the square is weighed. The density isdetermined by the following calculation: density=mass of absorbent ing/(5.08 cm)²×(bulk in cm).

Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test Procedure (CRC Test)

As used herein, the Centrifugal Retention Capacity (CRC) is a measure ofthe absorbent capacity of the superabsorbent material after beingsubjected to centrifugation under controlled conditions. Thesuperabsorbent sample to be tested is taken from superabsorbent materialwhich is prescreened through U.S. standard #30 mesh and retained on U.S.standard #50 mesh. The superabsorbent material therefore has a particlesize of between 300 and 600 microns. The particles can be prescreened byhand or automatically.

The CRC can be measured by placing 0.200 grams of the sample material tobe tested (moisture content of less than 5 weight percent) into awater-permeable bag which will contain the sample while allowing thetest solution (0.9 percent NaCl solution) to be freely absorbed by thesample. A heat-sealable tea bag material (grade 542, commerciallyavailable from Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.) works well formost applications. The bag is formed by folding a 5-inch by 3-inchsample of the bag material in half and heat-sealing two of the openedges to form a 2.5-inch by 3-inch rectangular pouch. The heat sealsshould be about 0.25 inch inside the edge of the material. After thesample is placed in the pouch, the remaining open edge of the pouch isalso heat-sealed. Empty bags are also made to be tested with the samplebags as controls. Three sample bags are tested for each superabsorbentmaterial.

The sealed bags are placed between two TEFLON® coated fiberglass screenshaving ¼ inch openings (Taconic Plastics, Inc., Petersburg, N.Y.) andsubmerged in a pan of 0.9 percent NaCl solution at 73.4°±2° Fahrenheit,making sure that the screens are held down until the bags are completelywetted. After wetting, the samples remain in the solution for 30minutes, at which time they are removed from the solution andtemporarily laid on a nonabsorbent flat surface.

The wet bags are then placed into the basket of a suitable centrifugecapable of subjecting the samples to a g-force of 350. (A suitablecentrifuge is a Clay Adams Dynac II, model #0103, having a watercollection basket, digital rpm gauge, and machined drainage basketadapted to hold and drain the flat bag samples). The samples must beplaced in opposing positions within the centrifuge to balance the basketwhen spinning. The bags are centrifuged at a target of 1600 rpm, butwithin the range of 1500-1900 rpm, for 3 minutes (target g-force of350). The bags are removed and weighed, with the empty bags (controls)being weighed first, followed by the bags containing superabsorbentmaterial. The amount of fluid absorbed and retained by thesuperabsorbent material, taking into account the fluid retained by thebag material alone, is the Centrifugal Retention Capacity of thesuperabsorbent material, expressed as grams of fluid per gram ofsuperabsorbent material.

Superabsorbent Gel Bed Permeability Test

A suitable piston/cylinder apparatus for performing the Gel BedPermeability (GBP) test is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Referring to FIG.11, an apparatus 220 consists of a cylinder 222 and a piston (generallyindicated as 224). As shown in FIG. 11, the piston 224 consists of acylindrical LEXAN shaft 226 having a concentric cylindrical hole 228bored down the longitudinal axis of the shaft. Both ends of the shaft226 are machined to provide first and second ends 230, 232. A weight 234rests on the first end 230 and has a cylindrical hole 236 bored throughthe center thereof. Inserted on the second end 232 is a circular pistonhead 240. The piston head 240 is sized so as to vertically move insidethe cylinder 222.

As shown in FIG. 12, the piston head 240 is provided with inner andouter concentric rings containing seven and fourteen approximately 0.375inch (0.95 cm) cylindrical holes, respectively (indicated generally byarrows 242 and 244). The holes in each of these concentric rings arebored from the top to bottom of the piston head 240. The piston head 240also has a cylindrical hole 246 bored in the center thereof to receivethe second end 232 of the shaft 226.

Attached to the bottom end of the cylinder 222 is a No. 400 meshstainless steel cloth screen 248 that is biaxially stretched to atautness prior to attachment. Attached to the bottom end of the pistonhead 240 is a No. 400 mesh stainless steel cloth screen 250 that isbiaxially stretched to a tautness prior to attachment. A sample ofadsorbent material 252 is supported on the screen 248.

The cylinder 222 is bored from a transparent LEXAN rod or equivalent andhas an inner diameter of 6.00 cm (area=28.27 cm²), a wall thickness ofapproximately 0.5 cm, and a height of approximately 5.0 cm. The pistonhead 240 is machined from a LEXAN rod. It has a height of approximately0.625 inches (1.59 cm) and a diameter sized such that it fits within thecylinder 222 with minimum wall clearances, but still slides freely. Ahole 246 in the center of the piston head 240 has a threaded 0.625 inch(1.59 cm) opening (18 threads/inch) for the second end 232 of the shaft226.

The shaft 226 is machined from a LEXAN rod and has an outer diameter of0.875 inches (2.22 cm) and an inner diameter of 0.250 inches (0.64 cm).The second end 232 is approximately 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) long and isthreaded to match the hole 246 in the piston head 240. The first end 230is approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) long and 0.623 inches (1.58 cm) indiameter, forming an annular shoulder to support the stainless steelweight 234.

The annular stainless steel weight 234 has an inner diameter of 0.625inches (1.59 cm), so that it slips onto the first end 230 of the shaft226 and rests on the annular shoulder formed therein. The combinedweight of the piston 224 and the weight 134 equals approximately 596 g,which corresponds to a pressure of 0.30 psi (20,685 dynes/cm), for anarea of 28.27 cm². When fluids flow through the piston/cylinderapparatus, the cylinder 222 generally rests on a 16-mesh, rigidstainless-steel support screen (not shown) or equivalent.

The piston and weight are placed in an empty cylinder to obtain ameasurement from the bottom of the weight to the top of the cylinder.This measurement is taken using a caliper readable to 0.01 mm. Thismeasurement will later be used to calculate the height of the bed of thesample of adsorbent material 252. It is important to measure eachcylinder empty and keep track of which piston and weight were used. Thesame piston and weight should be used for measurement when the sample ofadsorbent material is swollen.

The adsorbent layer used for GBP measurements is formed by swellingapproximately 0.9 g of a sample of adsorbent material in the GBPcylinder apparatus (dry adsorbent material should be spread evenly overthe screen of the cylinder prior to swelling) with a fluid, typically0.9% (w/v) aqueous NaCl, for a time period of approximately 15 minutes.The sample of adsorbent material is taken from a population of adsorbentmaterial that is prescreened through U.S. standard 30 mesh and retainedon U.S. standard 50 mesh. The adsorbent material, therefore, has aparticle size of between 300 and 600 microns. The particles may beprescreened by hand or automatically prescreened with, for example, aRo-Tap Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model B, commercially available from W.S.Tyler, Inc., Mentor, Ohio, USA.

At the end of the 15 minute period, the cylinder is removed from thefluid and the piston/weight assembly is placed on the sample ofadsorbent material. The thickness of the swollen sample of adsorbentmaterial is determined by measuring from the bottom of the weight to topof the cylinder with a micrometer. The value obtained when taking thismeasurement with the empty cylinder is subtracted from the valueobtained after swelling the sample of adsorbent material. The resultingvalue is the height of the bed of the swollen sample of adsorbentmaterial, H.

The GBP measurement is initiated by adding the fluid to the cylinder 222until the fluid attains a height of 4.0 cm above the bottom of thesample of adsorbent material 252. This fluid height is maintainedthroughout the test. The quantity of fluid passing through the sample ofadsorbent material 252 versus time is measured gravimetrically. Datapoints are collected every second for the first two minutes of the testand every two seconds for the remainder. When the data are plotted asquantity of fluid passing through the bed of the sample of adsorbentmaterial versus time, it becomes clear to one skilled in the art when asteady flow rate has been attained.

Only data collected once the flow rate has become steady is used in theflow rate calculation. The flow rate, Q, through the sample of adsorbentmaterial 252, is determined in units of g/s by a linear least-square fitof fluid passing through the sample of adsorbent material (in grams)versus time (in seconds). Permeability in cm² is obtained by thefollowing equation: K=[Q*(H*μ)]/[A*ρ*P], where K=Gel Bed Permeability(cm²); Q=flow rate (g/sec); H=height of bed of sample of adsorbentmaterial (cm); μ=liquid viscosity (poise); A=cross-sectional area forliquid flow (cm²); p=liquid density (g/cm3); and P=hydrostatic pressure(dynes/cm²) (normally approximately 3,923 dynes/cm²).

It will be appreciated that details of the foregoing embodiments, givenfor purposes of illustration, are not to be construed as limiting thescope of this invention. Although only a few exemplary embodiments ofthis invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in theart will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in theexemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novelteachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all suchmodifications are intended to be included within the scope of thisinvention, which is defined in the following claims and all equivalentsthereto. Further, it is recognized that many embodiments may beconceived that do not achieve all of the advantages of some embodiments,particularly of the preferred embodiments, yet the absence of aparticular advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean thatsuch an embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention.

1. An absorbent pad, comprising: a single, densified layer includingbetween 30 and 85 wt % superabsorbent material homogeneously mixed withbetween 15 and 70 wt % pulp fluff; wherein the single-layer absorbentpad has been compacted to a density greater than about 0.28 grams percubic centimeter and a thickness in a range of between 0.5 and 3.0millimeters, and the single-layer absorbent pad also has an absorbentcapacity between about 14 and 40 grams 0.9 w/v % saline solution pergram of absorbent pad and an edge compression between about 2726 andabout 3615 gm-cm of energy to 50% compression.
 2. The absorbent pad ofclaim 1, wherein the absorbent pad has a density greater than about 0.30grams per cubic centimeter.
 3. The absorbent pad of claim 1, wherein theabsorbent pad has a density greater than about 0.32 grams per cubiccentimeter.
 4. The absorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the absorbent padcomprises between 40 and 80 wt % superabsorbent material.
 5. Theabsorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the absorbent pad comprises between 50and 75 wt % superabsorbent material.
 6. The absorbent pad of claim 1,further comprising a plurality of man-made fibers.
 7. The absorbent padof claim 1, further comprising a plurality of carrier particles.
 8. Theabsorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the absorbent pad is between 0.6 and2.5 millimeters thick.
 9. The absorbent pad of claim 1, wherein theabsorbent pad is between 0.7 and 2.0 millimeters thick.
 10. Theabsorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the absorbent pad has an absorbentsaturation capacity between 16 and 40 grams 0.9 w/v % saline solutionper gram of absorbent pad.
 11. The absorbent pad of claim 1, wherein theabsorbent pad has an absorbent saturation capacity between 18 and 40grams 0.9 w/v % saline solution per gram of absorbent pad.
 12. Theabsorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material has a gelstrength of at least 0.65.
 13. The absorbent pad of claim 1, wherein thesuperabsorbent material has a gel strength of at least 0.75.
 14. Theabsorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material has a gelstrength of at least 0.85.
 15. An absorbent article comprising theabsorbent pad of claim
 1. 16. A diaper comprising the absorbent pad ofclaim
 1. 17. A training pant comprising the absorbent pad of claim 1.18. A feminine hygiene product comprising the absorbent pad of claim 1.19. An incontinence product comprising the absorbent pad of claim
 1. 20.A swim wear garment comprising the absorbent pad of claim
 1. 21. Theabsorbent pad of claim 1, wherein the absorbent pad has a higher basisweight in a first zone than in a second zone.
 22. The absorbent pad ofclaim 1, further comprising a wrap material encompassing thesingle-layer absorbent pad.
 23. The absorbent pad of claim 1, whereinthe single-layer absorbent pad is formed to a specific shape.
 24. Anabsorbent pad, comprising: a single, densified layer including between30 and 85 wt % superabsorbent material; and between 15 and 70 wt % pulpfluff wherein the single-layer absorbent pad has been compacted to adensity greater than about 0.30 grams per cubic centimeter and athickness in a range of between 0.5 and 3.0 millimeters, and thesingle-layer absorbent pad also has an edge compression between about2726 and about 3615 gm-cm of energy to 50% compression, and thesuperabsorbent material forms a gradient within the absorbent pad. 25.The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein the absorbent pad comprisesbetween 40 and 80 wt % superabsorbent material.
 26. The absorbent pad ofclaim 24, wherein the absorbent pad comprises between 50 and 75 wt %superabsorbent material.
 27. The absorbent pad of claim 24, furthercomprising a plurality of man-made fibers.
 28. The absorbent pad ofclaim 24, further comprising a plurality of carrier particles.
 29. Theabsorbent pad of claim 24, wherein the absorbent pad is between 0.6 and2.5 millimeters thick.
 30. The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein theabsorbent pad is between 0.7 and 2.0 millimeters thick.
 31. Theabsorbent pad of claim 24, wherein the absorbent pad has an absorbentsaturation capacity between about 14 and 40 grams 0.9 w/v % salinesolution per gram of absorbent pad.
 32. The absorbent pad of claim 24,wherein the absorbent pad has an absorbent saturation capacity of atleast 16 grams 0.9 w/v % saline solution per gram of absorbent pad. 33.The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein the absorbent pad has anabsorbent saturation capacity of at least 18 grams 0.9 w/v % salinesolution per gram of absorbent pad.
 34. The absorbent pad of claim 24,wherein the superabsorbent material has a gel strength of at least 0.65.35. The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein the superabsorbent materialhas a gel strength of at least 0.75.
 36. The absorbent pad of claim 24,wherein the superabsorbent material has a gel strength of at least 0.85.37. The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein the absorbent pad includesmore superabsorbent material at a first end than at a second endopposite the first end.
 38. The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein theabsorbent pad includes more superabsorbent material along a top surfacethan along a bottom surface.
 39. The absorbent pad of claim 24, whereinthe absorbent pad includes more superabsorbent material along a bottomsurface than along a top surface.
 40. The absorbent pad of claim 24,wherein a concentration of the superabsorbent material varies throughoutthe gradient by about 0.01 to about 0.40 grams per cubic centimeter. 41.The absorbent pad of claim 24, wherein a concentration of thesuperabsorbent material varies throughout the gradient by about 0.05 toabout 0.35 grams per cubic centimeter.
 42. The absorbent pad of claim24, wherein a concentration of the superabsorbent material variesthroughout the gradient by about 0.15 to about 0.25 grams per cubiccentimeter.
 43. The absorbent pad of claim 24, further comprising a wrapmaterial encompassing the single-layer absorbent pad.
 44. The absorbentpad of claim 24, wherein the single-layer absorbent pad is formed to aspecific shape.